Fluoride is a group of compounds consisting of naturally occurring elements of fluorine plus one or more elements. These compounds are naturally found in water and soil. However, waters are still fluoridated through the process of fluoridation. Water fluoridation is a process that involves addition of fluoride into the amount of water in order to have about one particle of fluoride in every one million particles of water (ppm) or one milligram of fluoride in every one liter of water (mgL). This process is done to prevent tooth decay and optimal amount of fluoride has to be added in order to achieve that goal (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1991). Fluoride is quite abundant and can be found in solid forms in minerals like fluorspar, apatite and cryolite. Fluorspar which is also known as the fluorite is the most common fluoride mineral around the world. It contains about 30-90 percent of calcium fluoride. The cryolite minerals on the other hand are composed of sodium, aluminum and fluoride. Cryolite has got low melting point which makes it unsuitable for water fluoridation but it is a preferred mineral for industrial use. The apatite mineral is a mixture of calcium compounds like calcium phosphate, calcium carbonates and calcium fluorides. It contains about 3-7 percent of fluoride and it is normally preferred for water fluoridation (British Fluoridation Society, n.d).
The process of fluoridation began in 1940s when scientific evidence revealed that those who resided in areas where water supply was rich in natural fluoride levels of about 1.0 ppm experienced low dental cavities. Recent studies have supported such claims and suggest that fluoride not only prevents tooth decay but may also reverse decay through the process of remineralization. The Americas Center For Disease Control has always hailed the fluoridation process as one of the greatest achievements of man in the twentieth century for it has numerous benefits (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1991). However, there are scientific evidences suggesting that the fluoridation is hazardous to human health. This paper will look at the benefits and the health of fluoridation process.
Health Benefits
Fluoride therapy is a common practice that is recommended by dentists as a useful preventive and curative measure to dental problems. Fluoride generally has three primary health benefits if used optimally and as recommended by the dentist.
Studies have shown that water fluoridation may reverse the decaying process of the tooth. The fluoride compound is said to promote the remineralization process of the teeth. The remineralization process is enhanced when the fluoride available in the saliva are absorb by the tooth surfaces where demineralization had started or had occurred. Fluoride present in the teeth would then attract some other minerals like calcium which together with the fluoride would be able to form a new tooth mineral (Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management, 2004).
One of the primary reasons of water fluoridation however, is that it helps prevent the decaying process. A fluoride is able to make the teeth resistant to the demineralization process. When the fluoride in the saliva is absorb by the tooth and together with other minerals forms a new tooth mineral through the remineralization process, a stronger compound than the initial one would be formed on the tooth thereby providing cover for the tooth. The teeth generally is a composition of carbonated hydroxypatite and hydroxypatite, but fluoride absorb by the teeth would introduced a new compound called fluorapatite as a result of the remineralization process. The presence of fluoride in this process and the subsequent formation of the fluorapatite make the teeth more resistant to demineralization which is caused by the dissolution of the teeth by acids (Committee to Coordinate Environmental Health and Related Programs, 1991).
Fluoride is also known to inhibit the ability of the oral bacteria to produce acids known to cause demineralization. Fluorides would limit the rate of acid production by the bacteria living in the dental plaque by not only disrupting the comfortability of the bacteria but also its sugar metabolism rate and ability. When the bacteria consumes less sugar it would produce less acid on and around the tooth hence less acid to be used in the demineralization process(Stookey, 1994).
Health Hazards
Dentists consider fluoride a prescription drug and just like any other prescription drug it has to be used as prescribed. Fluoride can be very lethal if consumed in large amounts but if it is used or consumed appropriately it can be very beneficial. The following are some of the health hazards of the fluoride and fluoridated water.
There are numerous health hazards posed by consumption of high amounts of the fluoride. Although, the question as to whether fluoride and how much should be added remains with the water supplier, the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States sets the maximum level at four mgL fluoride necessary for human use. One of the health hazards associated with the long term consumption of high levels of fluoride is bone disease. Bone disease or skeletal fluolosis is as a result of excess systematic exposure to fluoride leading to such systematic effects (National Research Council. Carcinogenicity of fluoride. In Subcommittee on Health Effects of Ingested Fluoride, 1993).
High levels of fluoride are also known to cause fluorosis or browning as well as pitting of the teeth among young children. Studies suggest that high levels of fluoride are likely to affect the childs developing teeth before they fully emerge from the gums. Other studies reveal that about 10-15 percent of children who use the recommended amount of fluoride still experience some degree of dental fluorosis. The recommended amount of fluoride for young persons below nine is 2 mgL, however as the researches have revealed children may not be able to develop healthy teeth as anticipated. Acute overdose of fluoride may result into fluoride poisoning and death in both children and adults (Stookey, 1994).
While water fluoridation has always been credited for reducing tooth cavities among US populations, extensive research provide a gloomy picture of the success. It has been found that there is a surprising similarity in dental health improvement in both communities having or lacking fluorated water. It can therefore be explained that reduced tooth decay is a product of improvement in the dental health care, timely intervention as well as the availability of fluoride in toothpastes and in other dental products (DHoore van Nieuwenhuysen, 1992). However, a lot of studies are recommended in this area for comprehensive and valid results.
Even with its magic as both a preventive and curative compound, there is simply no substitute to healthy dental practices. Oral hygiene and healthy nutrition would not only complement the magic of fluoride but would also ensure a healthy life. This means that the amount of sugar and acidic level in our foods should be minimized as well as the frequency of beverage exposure. This would ensure that the amount of sugar available for the oral bacteria is reduced and the subsequent release of acid by the bacteria is kept low.
The process of fluoridation began in 1940s when scientific evidence revealed that those who resided in areas where water supply was rich in natural fluoride levels of about 1.0 ppm experienced low dental cavities. Recent studies have supported such claims and suggest that fluoride not only prevents tooth decay but may also reverse decay through the process of remineralization. The Americas Center For Disease Control has always hailed the fluoridation process as one of the greatest achievements of man in the twentieth century for it has numerous benefits (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1991). However, there are scientific evidences suggesting that the fluoridation is hazardous to human health. This paper will look at the benefits and the health of fluoridation process.
Health Benefits
Fluoride therapy is a common practice that is recommended by dentists as a useful preventive and curative measure to dental problems. Fluoride generally has three primary health benefits if used optimally and as recommended by the dentist.
Studies have shown that water fluoridation may reverse the decaying process of the tooth. The fluoride compound is said to promote the remineralization process of the teeth. The remineralization process is enhanced when the fluoride available in the saliva are absorb by the tooth surfaces where demineralization had started or had occurred. Fluoride present in the teeth would then attract some other minerals like calcium which together with the fluoride would be able to form a new tooth mineral (Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management, 2004).
One of the primary reasons of water fluoridation however, is that it helps prevent the decaying process. A fluoride is able to make the teeth resistant to the demineralization process. When the fluoride in the saliva is absorb by the tooth and together with other minerals forms a new tooth mineral through the remineralization process, a stronger compound than the initial one would be formed on the tooth thereby providing cover for the tooth. The teeth generally is a composition of carbonated hydroxypatite and hydroxypatite, but fluoride absorb by the teeth would introduced a new compound called fluorapatite as a result of the remineralization process. The presence of fluoride in this process and the subsequent formation of the fluorapatite make the teeth more resistant to demineralization which is caused by the dissolution of the teeth by acids (Committee to Coordinate Environmental Health and Related Programs, 1991).
Fluoride is also known to inhibit the ability of the oral bacteria to produce acids known to cause demineralization. Fluorides would limit the rate of acid production by the bacteria living in the dental plaque by not only disrupting the comfortability of the bacteria but also its sugar metabolism rate and ability. When the bacteria consumes less sugar it would produce less acid on and around the tooth hence less acid to be used in the demineralization process(Stookey, 1994).
Health Hazards
Dentists consider fluoride a prescription drug and just like any other prescription drug it has to be used as prescribed. Fluoride can be very lethal if consumed in large amounts but if it is used or consumed appropriately it can be very beneficial. The following are some of the health hazards of the fluoride and fluoridated water.
There are numerous health hazards posed by consumption of high amounts of the fluoride. Although, the question as to whether fluoride and how much should be added remains with the water supplier, the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States sets the maximum level at four mgL fluoride necessary for human use. One of the health hazards associated with the long term consumption of high levels of fluoride is bone disease. Bone disease or skeletal fluolosis is as a result of excess systematic exposure to fluoride leading to such systematic effects (National Research Council. Carcinogenicity of fluoride. In Subcommittee on Health Effects of Ingested Fluoride, 1993).
High levels of fluoride are also known to cause fluorosis or browning as well as pitting of the teeth among young children. Studies suggest that high levels of fluoride are likely to affect the childs developing teeth before they fully emerge from the gums. Other studies reveal that about 10-15 percent of children who use the recommended amount of fluoride still experience some degree of dental fluorosis. The recommended amount of fluoride for young persons below nine is 2 mgL, however as the researches have revealed children may not be able to develop healthy teeth as anticipated. Acute overdose of fluoride may result into fluoride poisoning and death in both children and adults (Stookey, 1994).
While water fluoridation has always been credited for reducing tooth cavities among US populations, extensive research provide a gloomy picture of the success. It has been found that there is a surprising similarity in dental health improvement in both communities having or lacking fluorated water. It can therefore be explained that reduced tooth decay is a product of improvement in the dental health care, timely intervention as well as the availability of fluoride in toothpastes and in other dental products (DHoore van Nieuwenhuysen, 1992). However, a lot of studies are recommended in this area for comprehensive and valid results.
Even with its magic as both a preventive and curative compound, there is simply no substitute to healthy dental practices. Oral hygiene and healthy nutrition would not only complement the magic of fluoride but would also ensure a healthy life. This means that the amount of sugar and acidic level in our foods should be minimized as well as the frequency of beverage exposure. This would ensure that the amount of sugar available for the oral bacteria is reduced and the subsequent release of acid by the bacteria is kept low.