Chemistry

The properties of plastics are determined by the polymers that constitute the unit. Based on this, plastics can be modified into biodegradable products by varying the constituents synthetically. Their chemical structures vary due to the substituting polyesters in the polymer chain. Lets study about the chemical differences and structure of green plastics PHA and PLA. Amylose and Amylopectin are the major polymer components of starch. In the link structure, all identical chain points are connected...

This essay is a review paper on the article Insulin by Nanette M. Wachter. The author of the article Insulin deals briefly about the various aspects of Insulin, namely- history, source, structure, manufacturing process, metabolic function and the clinical importance.  The article is well structured, written in a concise, coherent and impressive manner. The Chemical structure of Insulin is given in a pictorial form for easy understanding. This article is useful for beginners of Biochemistry...

This week my contributions to the problem of global warming, and subsequently the size of my carbon footprint are the same as they are every week. My daily routine means that I am contributing a lot to the problem of global warming and adding to the levels of carbon dioxide, methane and chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere. I drive my car every day, to school and to the shops, to see friends and to run other errands. I burn fossil fuels when having a BBQ at home or with friends, and I use chlorofluorocarbons...

Phosphorous is a major essential element found in abundance to forms of life for their activities. Other than in life activities, it is also important in diverse applications and so many other industries. In nature phosphorus is never found free. Because of its reactivity with air and other oxygen containing substances it occurs as bound to other elements mostly as inorganic phosphate in minerals. Phosphorus is the eleventh most abundant element on the surface of the earth. Some of the most popular...

Preservation of food is very important because it aims at preventing microbial spoilage of food products and growth of food borne pathogens. There are a number of methods used to preserve food and among them is radiation. Preserving food by radiation means ionizing radiation also known as irradiation. The process involves exposing food to ionizing radiation that destroys microorganisms, insects, bacteria or virus that might be present in food. The method works through processing of food with ionizing...

The structure and function of the protein product of a cDNA sequence isolated from Haemonchus contortus was predicted using computational tools.  The 951-base pair cDNA sequence generated a 317-amino acid residue polypeptide that was characterized with tandem helices, as well as threads and coils.  Tertiary protein structure prediction indicated that the protein traversed the cell membrane, with both N- and C-terminal located within the cytoplasm of the cell.  BLAST analysis of the...

Calcium carbonate, also referred to as Calcium trioxocarbonate (CaCO3), is one of the most widely available chemical compounds on the earth. It occurs naturally in the earth crust, and is said to make up approximately 7 percent of the earths crust (Calcium Carbonate, 2006). The compound goes by different common names such as calcite, limestone, chalk, pearl, marble, aragonite, etc. Naturally, calcium carbonate can be found in almost all rocks. It can also be found in the hard shells of some organisms...

The foods that we eat and the air we inhale significantly affects our toxic load. Toxic load is the accumulation of foreign molecules or chemicals in biological systems. The accumulation of toxic compounds can be calculated by obtaining the product of chemical concentration and time (Health and Safety Executive, 2008). Other scientists use amperometric and potentiometric biosensors in determining toxic loads. These methods utilize enzymes such as aldehyde dehydrogenase, cholinesterase, peroxidases,...

There are several substances that are used by different people in day to day life. Some of the substances are legal whereas others are illegal. Legal substances include drugs used for different treatments and even vaccines. Illegal substances include heroin, cocaine and other hard drugs. These substances may cause serious damages. There are several non steroidal drugs (NSAIDS) that have been used for a long time without knowing their effects on the body. Drugs such as aspirin normally irritate...

Title The Digestion of Starch using Amylase and the Effect of Chloride on the Activity of this Enzyme. Aim of the experiment The object of this experiment is to measure the effect of the concentration of the enzyme, amylase, on the rate of degradation of the starch and the effect of the chloride ion concentration in the solvent on enzyme activity. Also, the other object is to discuss the comparison between starch and cellulose digestion. Introduction Starch is a polysaccharide and it is the major...

AcidpH measuredH3OH3O theoreticalpH theoreticalerrorAve error0.1 M HOAc2.811.55E-0032.881.31E-0032.434.970.01 M HCl2.157.08E-00321.00E-0027.5Table 1. Instrumental error of the pH meter Trial mL NaOH used pHAssuming salt  acidAssuming salt  acidpKaKaKa avepKaKaKa aveFor 0.1 M acetic acid127.34.664.622.39E-0052.41E-0054.662.19E-0052.24E-005226.54.644.612.43E-0054.642.29E-005For 0.1 M chloroacetic acid128.12.752.72.00E-0032.58E-0032.751.78E-0032.30E-003228.12.552.53.17E-0032.552.82E-003For...

Practical CI  13 Calculation of the yield. (Based on Iodine) Product yield Weight of Iodine taken for the synthesis 2.0 grams  2.0126.92  0.01576 gm atom Boat Weight 0.9314gWeight of Boat  product 3.0462 gProduct yield of Tin Iodide obtained is 3.0462g - 0.9314g  2.1148g Iodine content of Tin Iodide Assumption Second titer value is the accurate one. Weight of SnI4 sample taken for analysis 0.25 gm The sample is titrated with 0.025 molLit KIO3 solution. Titer value is 32...

You are measuring a number of samples taken from a field where copper sulphate contamination is suspected. Answer the following questions to proceed with this investigation First you would have to make up a stock solution What weight of copper sulphate would you need to make a 0.8M copper sulphate solution in a 500ml volumetric flask To prepare a 500mL stock solution of 0.8M copper sulphate, weigh 63.84g anhydrous CuSO4, dissolve in enough amount of distilled water. Transfer solution to a 500mL...

Growing crops entails a lot of work, not to mention the time and money invested. However, farmers are often bridled with problems concerning their crops  plant pests and diseases that if unfortunately affect their crops, can decrease their production in varying degrees. The November 2009 World Summit on Food Security asserts that crop production provides about 84 percent of global food, feed, and fiber needs and virtually all human endeavors depend on food security. Crop pests, including diseases,...

Ecstasy or MDMA is considered as one of the most abused street drug today. In fact, this drug is especially popular to young people as more and more users get addicted to it. One of the reasons for its popularity is its effects to the human body. Studies show that people are hooked to this drug because it indices a sense of euphoric feeling that eliminates depression or anxiety. Thus, it has earned its street name ecstasy. MDMA was first developed on 1912 by Anton Kollisch, a chemist of Merck....

 Sugar is a naturally occurring compound that is synthesized in plants and even in humans. The word sugar is a general term for a variety of chemically known sugar variants. These variants are usually in the form of sucrose, lactose and fructose (Matthews et al. 1996). Today, our society deals a lot with sugar especially regarding food and our diet. In recent years, there has been a continuing revolution in developing sugar alternatives or sweeteners that will replace sugar as the basic sweetening...

According to Terry (2007) the statistics released by the world Health Organization (2002) show that almost one third of all male adults in the worlds population are smokers. Diseases related to tobacco smoking kill at least one in 10 adults in the world today which could be translated to about four million deaths due to such illnesses. The statistics also illustrate that if the current trend goes on as it is now the by 2030 smoking will be killing one in every six people in the world. The issue...